Vivek Kumar Jain
E-Mail: vivk.jain-[at]-gmail.com
Mobile: 09425109784
Phone No.: 0751-2343982
EDUCATION & CREDENTIALS
B.E. (Metallurgy) Malviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, University of Rajasthan in 2001.
Completed summer training at Bhaba Atomic Research Centre. in Maraging Ni350 Steels in 1996.
IT SKILLS
E-Com SSI (Web Programming using JAVA) December 2001
Diploma E-Commerce Microsoft Technologies December 2001
DAC ACTS Pune 2002
Training For Professionals ( DIT ) 09 2011 Aug. IIITM Gwalior.
Senior level assignments in Plant Operations & Maintenance, Production Management, Quality Management with an organization of high repute
SYNOPSIS
A result oriented professional with over 7 years rich experience in Production Planning, Plant Operation & Maintenance, Quality, Safety and Team Management.
Currently working as PPC manager with Swastik pipes ltd.(Precision Steel Tubes)
Expertise in designing / streamlining processes / procedures to facilitate robust Quality Management Systems and Quality Innovation Projects. Proven abilities to enhance production process operations optimize resource & capacity utilization; escalate productivity & operational efficiencies; while curtailing costs & expenses. Keen understanding of the formalities and implementation of Quality Systems and excellent skills in complying with the norms of Regulatory Authorities.
An enterprising leader with abilities in leading multi-skilled motivated teams to achieving organizational goals and industry best practices.
AREAS OF EXPERTISE
Production Planning & Control:
Executing production planning for long term & short term as per budget and sustaining daily production target. Ensuring effective use of material and resources towards the achievement of pre-set targets. Preparing & implementing Operating Procedures and Work Instructions. Planning & implementing the preventive & predictive maintenance schedules for improving the overall reliability and safety of plant, personnel and production processes.
Plant Operations:
Implementing projects, annual improvement plans for process re-engineering, technology absorption projects for expansion and new products. Monitoring processes & identifying deviations towards ensuring that the same will consistently manufacture products meeting pre-determined specifications and quality attributes. Overseeing production related tasks; including planning, control & troubleshooting for achieving the planned periodic schedules.
Quality:
Interacting with the Quality Department for detection of potential deficiencies and implementing corrective actions. Maintaining Quality Systems and Process Control Records.
Assuring conformance of the product to safety norms and specifications.
Establishing Quality Management Systems across various processes to reduce rejection levels minimize variation in process and ensuring high quality standards during production.
Conducting various tests & inspections to ensure that products developed are in compliance with pre-set technical specifications; detecting defects / faults and taking corrective actions.
Maintenance & Troubleshooting:
Planning and effectuating preventive & predictive maintenance / overhauling / repair schedules of various machineries & instruments to increase machine up time and long term equipment reliability.
Proactively identifying areas of obstruction / breakdowns and taking corrective measures / steps to rectify the equipment through application of trouble shooting tools.
Ensuring all the machinery work efficiently by conducting timely checks & measures.
Executing cost saving and energy saving techniques/measures and modifications to achieve substantial reduction in O&M Expenditures and work within the budget.
CAREER HIGHLIGHTS
Since December 2008 till now with Swastik Pipes as PPC Manager and Reporting to GM Works.
I am planning the production schedule on the market orders to keep maximum productivity output along with best efficient routes taking in considerations of least cost input during manufacturing to achieve best quality products in the fixed time frame of order taken.
Handling the team force and employing clear cut information to each department to furnish daily feedback on all tasks and routine checkups of maintenance with mechanical and electrical departments.
Generate daily production and pending reports along with quality reports and raw material stock reports and sending to Managing Directors as well as all Lifetime Joint Directors.
Keep up-to-date meetings with chairman on month ends.
I use state of art space edge technology in production. To achieve our targets.
I daily monitor the activities of my team and co-operate them to facilitate them with best moral practices with correct business ethics.
I keep coordination between all department heads and call them for meetings on regular basis.
Sept’08 –December 08 with Modeltech SDN BHD Melaka, Malaysia as Production Manager.
I was looking following sections of my last employment i.e. Modeltech SDN BHD Melaka, Malaysia.
Inventory Management, De-Tin Section, Manual Sorting Section, Paper Pin Chopping Section, De-Copperization Section, Hydraulic Press section, Tin refinery Section, Solder refinery Section, Magnetic sorting Section, Precious Metals refinery Section, Solder Dross recovery section, Crushing Section, Tin Dross recovery section, Zinc Melting Section, Silver recovery section, Incinerator Section, Air pollution control, waste water treatments.
Highlights:Attained continues production with 11% increase.
Apr’07 – Aug’08 with Sinic Electronics Pvt. Ltd., GWALIOR COMMSIONARY.
Sr. Marketing Executive
Development of sales relations in PSUs and All Banks. Tapping of customer demands in local markets and put best service to them.
Highlights:Amazing and wonderful 114% targets achievement.
Jan’06 – Mar’07 with ION Exchange (I) Ltd. Hyderabad, Parichha Thermal Power Plant 2x220 MW. Jhansi U.P. as Service Engineer
Handling maintenance and operations of Cooling Towers and Boilers.
Highlights:Quality enhancements under my management show improved performance of power generation achievement using state of art technologies.
Jan’03 – Dec’05 with Bhushan Steels and Strips Ltd., Sahibabad, UP as Assistant Production Manager.
Responsibilities:Executing Production and Quality Control of cold rolled steels in the Annealing Department.SAP orientation program has been implemented with grand success.Supervising the activities of other departments for smooth organization plant functioning and safety.
Using CNG gas fired Bell type Bender (Austria) furnaces in batch.
Highlights:Reduction in rejection rate or any reduction in incidence of Defects & Nil Rejection.
100% efficiencies.Nill reduction in breakdowns / downtime through effective maintenance.
Jan’01 – Dec’02 with Magnum Steels LTD. Banmore, M.P. Production Manager of three units i.e.
( Vibha Steels Pvt Ltd, Deluxe Steels Pvt Ltd, Magnum Steels Ltd) .
Responsibilities:Overseeing the Production and Quality Control of steel melting shop.
Improve the Quality by using Spectroscope and three six tons Induction Furnaces.
Highlights:Achieved Best Production Schedule for Special Spring Steels.
Production has increased by 25%, Electrical usages were maintained below 675 K Units per heat due to effective Time Management and Operation Control.
Nov’97 – Dec’00 with NALCO Chemicals (I) Ltd at Gail, Pata, UP Service Engineer.
Responsibilities:Executing maintenance of Cooling Towers by chemical treatments.
Highlights:Recipient of Best Performance Award for Anti-Corrosion and Anti Scaling Effects in the whole plant where heat exchangers were used.
PERSONAL DOSSIER
Date of Birth : 29th March, 1975
Address : MIG-872, Darpan Colony, Thatipur, Gwalior, (M.P.) PIN-474011
Languages Known : English & Hindi
Role of Women in Agriculture
Booklet No. 478
Women and Agriculture: WAS - 1
Contents
Preface
I. Introduction
II. Women as Agricultural Labour
III. Women in Farming Operations
IV. Women in Crop Based Farming Systems
V. Women in Livestock Rearing
VI. Women in Sericulture
Vll. Women in Fisheries Activities
VIII. Women in Decision Making Process
IX. Conclusion
Preface
Women's role in agricultural operations is very significant. They contribute about three-fourth of the labour required for agricultural operations. Their involvement in agriculture is besides their usual obligation of discharging domestic work. Most of their contribution to the farm sector goes unnoticed and unaccounted. This booklet focuses on the various agricultural activities in which the women are involved and their percent of contribution in each of them.
Dr. K. T. Chandy, Agricultural & Environmental Education
I. Introduction
In Indian society, women have a multi dimensional role. They have a major role to play in the development process also. For the last few years, programmes for women have been receiving particular attention under community and rural development programmes. The desirable socio-economic development can be achieved only when women in large are stimulated and motivated to accept and adopt new techniques.
The largest number of women in India, is engaged in farming operations either as cultivators or as supervisors or as agricultural labourers. They are the main decision makers and participants in various agricultural operations like seed sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, threshing, application of manure, storage of seeds and food grains and post harvest home level processing. Apart from all these they also involve in bringing fodder from field, chaff cutting, feeding and cleaning of cattle, maintaining cattle shed, compost making etc. In view of all these things, woman is recognized as a partner of man in agriculture and she is included in the effort of bringing new technology to the farmers because of her intimate involvement in agriculture as a manager, decision maker and labourer. The status of rural women is improving day by day. Their participation in various functions of farming are as follows.
II. Women as Agricultural Labour
Women contribute about 3/4th of the labour required for agricultural operations. Their involvement in agricultural operations is besides their usual domestic work. Most of the contributions made by women to the farm sector also goes unaccounted as they are not directly paid. The contribution of female labour is towards agricultural production is always more than the male labour in all types of landholding size.
The jobs traditionally done by farm. women in the order of importance are mainly the kitchen gardening, harvesting, seedling raising and transplanting. Table 1 shows the extent of female labour utilization in various field operations.
Table 1 : Female labour utilization in various field operations (per acre land)
Sl.No Operation Family female labour Hired female labour Total female labour
Women hrs % to total Women hrs % to total Women hrs % to total
1 Ploughing - - - - - -
2 Seedling raising & transplanting 19.26 1.58 9.78 33.53 29.04 2.32
3 Weeding & Manuring 6.89 0.56 1.6 5.49 8.49 0.68
4 Irrigation 7.2 0.59 2.54 8.71 9.74 0.78
5 Harvesting 20.72 1.7 11.42 39.51 32.14 2.57
6 Threshing 2.75 0.23 0.88 3.02 3.63 0.29
7 Kitchen 131.89 10.8 2.95 10.11 134.84 10.79
8 Collection of Cowdung 153.45 12.98 - - 153.45 12.98
9 Household activities 761.67 62.38 - - 761.67 62.38
10 Livestock of poultry raising 111.29 9.11 - - 111.29 9.11
Total 1,221,00 100.0 29.17 100.00 1,250.17 100.00
From the analysis of the data (in table 1) obtained by survey in Kashmir valley in 1991, it can be seen that house hold duties constituted more than 60% of the total female labour followed by collection of cow dung with 12.98%, kitchen gardening 10.79%, live stock and poultry raising (9.11%), harvesting 2.57% and transplanting etc. with 2.32% It can be seen that there is no hired labour participation for the operation like collection of cow dung, household duties and animal husbandry maintenance.
The female participation in agricultural was indirectly proportional to the size of the holding as in table 2.
Table 2 : Relation between female labour participation and land in equality
Size Group holding Family labour utilization per acre of land (hours)
Male Female Ratio
1 Marginal 1.85 1.84 1.01
2 Small 1.10 0.95 1.16
3 Medium 0.64 0.57 1.12
4 Large 0.19 0.22 0.84
The table clearly indicates that the employment of family female labour in field operations decrease with increase in the size o! holding.
III. Women in Farming Operations
Several activities during crop production are taken up by women. They include presowing activities like seed treatment, leveling of land, cutting bushes, puddling, spreading of cow dung manure etc. and other functions like paddy transplantation, weeding, harvesting, threshing, post harvest activities etc. A study conducted in Sangrur district of Punjab regarding these activities is summarized in table 3.
Table 3: Average time spent in agricultural activities (in hrs) as per level of rural development
Sl.No Level of rural dev Kharif Rabi
Pre-sow-ing Tran-splan-ting We-edi-ng Har-vest-ing Thre-shing Post harv. Pre-sow-ing We-edi-ng Har-vest-ing Thr-esh-ing Post. Harv Avg. daily time
1 Most-devel-oped 16.27 96.21 110.85 93.02 42.92 20.81 6.79 20.21 66.68 44.04 24.81 1.48
2 Mode-rately deve-loped 29.59 - 117.47 223.98 11.79 40.89 21.66 36.45 98.73 57.45 43.89 1.85
3 Least deve-loped 25.07 - 98.89 106.45 58.21 46.95 23.95 15.91 135.13 62.33 45.86 1.86
4 Total 21.58 32.07 109.07 141.25 37.64 32.22 17.47 44.02 100.18 54.61 38.17 1.73
As per level of rural development the percentage of women participating in agriculture was studied. The level of development of area was taken up at three levels; most developed district moderately developed districts and least developed districts. As many as 59.47% women were participating in agricultural activities with 25.79% spending 1.61 to 3.2 hours per day followed by 20% spending more than 3.2 hours and 13.68% spending up to 1.6 hours.
From the table 3, it would be noted down that of all the activities maximum time (hours) was spent in harvesting both kharif (141.25) andrabi (100.18) followed by. weeding (109.27), threshing (37.74), post harvest activities (36.22) and sowing activities (21.58) in kharif season; and threshing (54.61), weeding (M.022) post harvest activities (38.17) and pre-sowing activities (17.47) in rabi season in decreasing orders.
The above analysis has significantly brought out the important role played by women. But this also includes the fact that besides this, their role as mother, wife and home makers is inevitable. It was found that on an average working day of women came out to be 12.21 hours and it would be even longer during peak season. The table 3 clear indicates that the number of women in agriculture was decreasing with the increasing level of development i.e. the average time spent by women in agriculture was less in most developed areas. In the least and moderately developed areas majority of women working on their own farms. Women of younger age groups were participating more in agriculture than older ones. Time spent by lower caste women was more than upper caste group. There were only 21.92% women of lower castes who did not participate in agriculture and this percentage increased to 44 to 45% for middle and upper caste groups respectively. Similarly, large size of land holding resulted in lesser participation of women due to increased per capita income as a result of new technology which resulted in displacement of women from family farms. It was indicated that women of land lord class did not devote any time in agriculture and allied activities while poor peasantry class women devoted greater time in agricultural activities.
IV. Women in Crop Based Farming Systems
A study conducted in Uttar Pradesh reveals than degree of participation of females was significantly higher compared to males in the hills. The major farming systems studied were paddy, wheat, vegetables and fruits.
A. Paddy fanning system
Paddy farming is an operation which requires large amount of labour. Table 4 gives the level of participation of males and females in paddy cultivation.
Table 4: Level of participation of females and males in paddy cultivation (%)
Sl.No Operation Hills (%) Plains (%)
Male Female Jointly Male Female Jointly
1 Land preparation 77.50 2.50 20.00 86.54 0.00 13.46
2 Nursery sowing 15.00 55.00 10.00 23.08 21.08 55.77
3 Nursery after care 2.50 82.50 15.00 7.69 38.46 53.85
4 Seedling uprooting 0.00 87.50 12.50 3.85 51.92 44.23
5 Rice transplanting 0.00 82.50 17.50 7.69 40.39 51.92
6 Irrigation 27.50 47.50 12.50 63.46 13.46 23.08
7 Top dressing 30.00 50.00 10.00 73.08 15.38 11.54
8 Weeding manual chemical
7.50
10.00
75.00
35.00
17.50
0.00
26.92
36.54
40.09
5.77
32.69
23.08
9 Plant protection 37.5 40.00 7.50 65.38 9.62 5.77
10 Harvesting 0.00 75.00 25.00 3.85 15.38 80.77
11 Threshing 2.50 70.00 27.50 3.85 15.38 80.77
12 Winnowing 0.00 82.50 17.50 5.77 21.15 73.08
13 Marketing 32.50 42.50 0.00 36.54 34.62 53.85
14 Storage 0.00 90.00 10.00 15.38 53.85 30.77
15 Dehusking 0.00 100.00 0.00 17.31 51.92 30.77
The analysis of Table 4 shows that in the hills the highest level of involvement of women was in the dehusking operation ( 100%) while the lowest was in land preparation ( 2.5% only). Mainly the land preparation was carried out by males ( around 77.5%) while in 20% cases, mostly with smaller holdings, it was done jointly by males and females. Otherwise rest of the operations like storage (90%) seedling uprooting (87.5%) transplanting, winnowing, nursery after care (82.5% each) manual weeding and harvesting (75% each) threshing (70%) and nursery sowing (55%) were mainly carried out by females.
In the plains, though their participation was the highest in case of storage, their main participation in other operation like seedling uprooting, dehusking, harvesting, threshing, winnowing, nursery raising etc. was also recorded. Operations like harvesting, threshing and winnowing were done jointly.
B. Wheat based fanning systems
A study carried out in the Sangrur village of Punjab reveals that the overall participation of females was significantly higher than males in the hills. The statistical analysis shows that their participation was the highest in storage and winnowing (89.7%) followed by harvesting (84.6%), mannual weeding (82.1%) and threshing (64.2%) where as males mail carried out the land preparation (74.4%). In the plains females were involved in storing the produced and activities like winnowing, threshing, harvesting and sowing were carried out jointly by both males and females.
C. Fruit cultivation
Table 5 shows the level of female's participation in cultivating fruit crops.
Table 5 : Level of participation of males and females in fruit cultivation (%)
Sl.No Operation Hills (%) Plains (%)
Male Female Jointly Male Female Jointly
1 Land preparation 47.37 15.79 36.84 72.22 5.56 22.22
2 Planting 26.32 44.74 28.94 27.78 5.56 66.66
3 Irrigation 23.68 47.37 15.79 66.66 5.66 27.78
4 Manuring 7.89 78.95 13.16 33.33 11.11 55.56
5 Training/ pruning 36.84 44.74 13.16 66.67 11.11 22.22
6 Plant protection 39.47 39.47 5.26 72.22 5.56 22.22
7 Harvesting 2.62 63.16 34.21 16.67 16.67 66.66
8 Marketing 39.47 39.47 5.26 27.78 33.39 66.66
9 Preservation/ storage 2.63 76.32 21.05 27.78 16.67 55.55
From the table 5, it is clear that the female involvement was more in the operation like manuring, harvesting, preservation and irrigation in the hills. Their involvement was lowest in the marketing of the produce.
In plains, females had relatively lower level of participation in all operations when compared to males. However, highest level of participation was recorded in marketing the produce while lowest in land preparation, plant protection and planting.
D. Vegetable cultivation
In this enterprise too, the level of participation in the hills was highest in manuring and storage (79.5%) and least in land preparation. The other major operations carried out by females are weeding (76%) sowing or transplanting (69.2%), nursery raising (69.2%) Irrigation (51.3%) and harvesting (69.3%). Most of the operations were done jointly because of the small holdings in the hilly areas which does not need to use heavy implements.
In the plains, the level of participation of women was lowest in land preparation, while it was highest in top dressing, manuring (42%). The other major activities carried out jointly by both males and females were preservation (57.9%), plant protection (68.4%), transplanting/sowing 57.9% and weeding (52.6%).
Thus, overall review indicates that the level of hill women's participation was statistically higher than that of their counterparts living in plains. From the analysis it is quite evident that women were involved primarily in those activities which required less skills and in activities which are just repetitive and monotonous like transplanting, harvesting or threshing etc. It was also observed that operations which require skill and mechanise operations were performed by man. Operations needing manual labour like paddy transplanting, threshing etc. were done by females. If the same were to be carried out by machines like threshers etc. it would be done by men. Table 6 gives the details regarding mechanization and women's participation.
Table 6: Percent participation of male and female workers in agricultural operations
Sl.No Name of operation Power used Men Women
1 Clearing of fields Human 30 70
2 Spreading of manure Human 50 50
3 Ploughing Bullock 100 -
4 Sowing of seeds Bullock 95 5
5 Weeding & hoeing Human 10 90
6 Irrigation Mechanical 80 20
7 Harvesting Human 50 50
8 Threshing Human & Bullock 90 10
9 Winnowing Human 10 90
10 Bagging Human 20 80
11 Transporting Tractor & Bullock 100 -
V. Women in Livestock Rearing
It was found that the milking operation was carried out exclusively by females, in all the cases studied. Table 7 shows the percent participation of males and females in rearing the livestock.
Table 7 : Level of Participation of males land females in rearing livestock (per cent)
Sl.No Operation Hills (%) Plains (%)
Male Female Jointly Male Female Jointly
1 Feeding 5.00 75.00 20.00 6.53 58.59 34.78
2 Cleaning 2.50 82.50 15.00 4.35 56.52 39.13
3 Milking 0.00 100.00 0.00 2.17 69.57 28.26
4 Taking out for grazing 27.50 67.50 5.00 48.48 21.74 34.78
5 Collection/ cutting fodder 7.50 90.00 2.50 21.74 30.43 47.83
6 Marketing 30.00 50.00 7.50 32.61 39.13 28.26
7 Medical care 47.50 50.00 2.50 56.52 23.91 19.57
8 Breeding 50.00 50.00 0.00 69.56 21.74 8.70
The other major operation carried out by females in the hills were collection or cutting fodder (90%), cleaning (82.5%) taking out animals for grazing (67.5%) etc. The level of participation of women was equal to those of men in the marketing, medical care and livestock breeding (50% each).
In the plains also, the highest level of participation was in the milking operation and others were feeding (58.7%) and cleaning (56.5%).
On an average female labour participation was rated as 65% in dairy enterprise. If the magnitude of participation of females in different activities is divided into four broad categories (table 8), it was observed that the domestic chores performed by a female in the household occupied the prominent place followed by dairying and as a labourer.
Table 8 : Female labour employment in different activities
Sl.No Activity Female labour employment
Per day (hrs) Per annum (hrs) Percentage to total
1 Dairying 2.2 801.44 25.87
2 Labour 2.19 799.35 25.80
3 Domestic chores 3.74 1366.80 44.11
4 Crop enterprises 0.36 130.88 4.22
Total 8.49 3098.47 100.00
Economic analysis of dairy enterprises shows that female contribution was around 76% and 84% of total family labour income in maintaining a buffalo and cross breed cow respectively.
VI. Women in Sericulture
Sericulture is a small scale industry which is an important entrepreneur for rural families. The role of women as agricultural labourer in mulberry cultivation is important because mulberry garden requires labour from the beginning for pruning, weeding, application of farm yard manure, fertilizers and other jobs. An acre of land optimally requires 10 labourers out of which 7 would be women. The main work involves plucking of leaves for feeding the silkworms. At the rearing houses the activities that are performed by women are as follows:
1. Cleaning the rearing house, before the silkworm are raised.
2. Getting the trays ready for further extension of bed.
3. Feeding the worms after the 3rd instar which has to be done 4-5 times per day.
4. Changing the bed in each of the trays. (at least 56-60 trays will be there, by the time they reach the 5th instar)
5. Placing the worms in the mountages i.e. around 120 of them.
6. Harvesting the cocoon.
7. Cleaning the cocoon and removal of floss grading.
8. Marketing of cocoon though very few women takes up this job, as it takes time in the market. -
When the crop of rearing is over, women have to clean and get the trays smeared with cow dung and get ready for the next rearing.
Training of women in sericulture by extension personnel is important as they need close help and constant encouragement to acquire skills in sericulture. Special to be taken by organizing Women Sericulture Cooperative Society to support. the women who are interested to take up sericulture as their main income generating source.
VII. Women in Fisheries Activities
The three categories of water in the Orissa state ie. fresh water, brackish water and marine waters were taken for study. Table 9 gives the details.
Table 9 : Involvement of women folk in fisheries activities
Sl.No Activity Involvement in percentage
Fresh water Brackish water Marine
1 Fish culture in back yard 14.16 - -
2 Fish in drying pools and puddles 69.10 - -
3 Fish marketing 80.26 48.2 39.87
4 Net weaving 12.02 62.59 -
5 Kitchen gardening on pond embankment 3.00 - -
6 Transport of fish - 51.08 51.90
7 Fish drying - 79.86 89.87
8 Selling of fish - - 74.06
9 Collection of prawn seed - 36.69 -
Fresh water fisheries mostly involves pisciculture in backyard ponds. Fishing, fish selling and occasional spawn collection are the principal occupation in fresh water fisheries. The women folk in freshwater fisheries were observed to involve in fishing in drying pools and puddles, fish marketing and net weaving. In brackish water sector the women folk were observed to involve themselves in a wide variety of fisheries activities. Their most significant contribution was noted to be in fish drying which is one of the most widely practised method of fish preservation. Spreading of fish in hot sun, turning them from time to time, keeping a constant vigil to protect them from crows, kites etc. and packing them back in baskets before sunset was their daily routine. Net weaving, transport of fish and fish marketing have also shown significant involvement of women.
In marine fisheries fish drying was the activity that carried out mostly by women followed by selling of fish, and their transporting. In marine fisheries sector, females generally do not attend to the jobs of net weaving or mending. These jobs are mostly done by males.
VIII. Women in Decision Making Process
Analysis of the decision making process revealed it to be more less a male domain. Table 10 shows the details.
Table 10: Pattern of decision making regarding different farm affairs
Sl.No Areas Decision made by
F MF MFO FO M MO O Total Female partici-pation
1 Variety of crop to be sown 0.00 4.66 0.00 0.00 54.24 30.93 2.54 100.0 12.19
2 Purchase and sale of land 0.00 37.04 38.27 3.71 8.64 12.34 0.00 100.0 79.01
3 Purchase of farm machinery 0.00 32.66 9.05 2.01 28.64 26.73 1.51 100.0 43.72
4 Farm credit 0.00 13.06 0.00 1.50 51.26 31.16 31.00 100.0 14.56
5 Storage of agri. Produce 14.83 37.71 19.92 5.93 12.71 8.90 0.00 100.0 82.63
6 Marketing of agr. Produce 0.00 8.47 0.00 54.00 56.67 29.18 2.54 100.0 11.02
7 Purchase and sale of animals 2.21 30.06 20.57 1.58 32.28 13.29 0.00 100.0 54.43
Note:
F= Female alone
MF= Male & Female
MFO= Male, Female & other family members
FO= Female and other family members
M= Male alone
MO= Male and other family members
O= Other family members
In none of the areas of farm decision making, except storage of farm produce, women were deciding at their own. In that also only 14.83% were deciding independently. As land is (In important factor of production, sale and purchase of land was consulted with women and decision was taken jointly in most of the house holds. Female participation was more in deciding the type of storage, purchase and sale of land followed by purchase and sale of animals and farm machinery.
Involvement of women in decision making was found to be more in age group of 36-45 years, as compared to younger women who were considered unexperinced.
IX. Conclusion
It becomes evident from the result that are mentioned in this booklet that women labour played a significant role in crop production, economic activities of family wage earnings, in several other enterprises like dairy, fisheries and also in decision making process regarding the adoption of new farm technology. Although farm women have opportunities of upgrading their skills, a visible inequality of women workers still exists. It may be suggested here that a well developed institutional network to teach modem farming methods to farm women should be developed at village so that agricultural productivity and rural income can be increased.
The studies revealed that the rural women spent more time in household activities. Only low economic group of rural women participate in farm operations. They have no fixed working hours or wages. Government should come forward to fix the working hours and wages per day to protect their interests. Voluntary organizations should help the rural women to organize themselves into groups and unions for their self help.
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